1788 : physionotrace, inventé par Chrétien et Quenedey, système articulé, permet de donner des profils.

Devised by Gilles-Louis Chrètien, it was one of the first devices to produce images for duplication. The device consisted of a pointer connected to a pencil through a system of levers which allowed tracing on paper of a profile shadow cast on glass. A pantograph at the same time transferred the image to a copper plate which then was engraved. Duplication was finally done by inking the plate and printing. The Physionotrace was widely used originally in Europe. Between 1793 and 1844 the French emigrant Charles Fevret de Saint-Memin brought Physionotrace to America. One of his most famous pictures of Thomas Jefferson dates back to 1804. A portrait session with the Physionotrace required roughly 4 minutes.

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Physionotrace devised by Gilles-Louis Chrètien. A mechanically-aided drawing machine that produces a engraved printing plate. Chretien's invention produced a mechanical portrait using a pantograph with an etching needle to transfer the sitter's image from a silhouette to a copperplate. See B. Newhall, The History of Photography, 1972, p. 11.